Bladder function alters throughout life however, changes in function may be particularly profound in clinical populations at high risk of UTIs. Correcting the presence of residual urine remains the most effective prophylaxis in these populations. Incomplete voiding represents the primary risk factor for UTIs associated with conditions such as urinary incontinence and prolapse. High-quality data are currently lacking on risks related to asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy and further data in this hard-to-study population should be a primary concern for researchers. Screening of pregnant women and appropriate treatment with antimicrobials must be balanced with the potential for adverse treatment-related outcomes appropriate prophylaxis should be considered where possible. Asymptomatic bacteriuria is generally benign however, during pregnancy it is more common and is associated with an increased likelihood of symptomatic infection, which may harm the mother or fetus. This is a narrative review based on relevant literature according to the experience and expertise of the authors. ![]() Frequent intercourse, vulvovaginal atrophy, change of the local bacterial flora, history of UTIs during premenopause or in childhood, family history, and a nonsecretor blood type are substantiated risk factors for recurrent uncomplicated UTIs. Understanding individual and population-specific risk factors associated with recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) can help physicians tailor prophylactic strategies.
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